Disc Brakes: Their Functionality, Key Components, Types, and Applications

Brakes are a common part of various systems and vehicles, coming in many forms to provide slowing and stopping power for moving or rotating objects. Disc brakes in particular are a high-performance option that find ample use in demanding applications, providing effective stopping power for the needs of automobiles, aircraft, and much more. Disc brakes are particularly favored in aircraft as a result of their efficiency, reliability, and ability to withstand various stressors, where they provide the means to control speed during takeoff, landing, and taxiing. To help you be more familiar with these brakes and how they may be used in the context of aviation, we will go over their functions, design, types, and applications.

The basic design of a disc brake will make use of several key components that create the friction necessary for slowing moving objects. At the heart of a typical system is the disc or rotor, which will be constructed from high-strength materials like steel or carbon composite to maintain integrity over time. In terms of an aircraft, the disc will be attached to a wheel to rotate along with it. Calipers are then mounted around the disc, each containing one or more pistons. When the brake pedal of a vehicle is pressed, pressure from a hydraulic system forces the pistons in each caliper to press brake pads against the disc. This contact creates friction, which slows down and eventually stops the rotation of the wheel. The efficiency of disc brakes in dissipating the heat generated during braking makes them highly effective and long lasting, especially for high-performance and heavy-duty applications like aircraft.

Disc brakes come in several types, each being suited to accommodate different aircraft based on factors such as weight, required braking force, and environmental conditions. One of the most commonly recognized types is the single-piston floating caliper variation, which is widely used in light aircraft. In this design, a caliper will be mounted on pins that allow it to move or "float" as the piston pushes brake pads against the disc. The simplicity and efficiency of this type make it a popular choice for smaller aircraft that do not require higher braking forces that more rigorous options offer.

For larger aircraft, multi-piston fixed caliper disc brakes are often relied on. In these systems, multiple pistons are arranged on both sides of the disc, allowing for even distribution of braking force. This type of brake provides more stopping power than single-piston variants and is typically found in commercial aircraft, where additional braking force is necessary to safely stop the aircraft when landing. The multi-piston design also offers greater durability, as the even load spreading across multiple pistons and pads reduces wear and tear on individual components.

Another advanced type of disc brake used in aviation is the carbon-carbon disc brake, which can commonly be found in military and high-performance commercial aircraft. Carbon-carbon brakes are made from carbon composite materials that offer superior strength, low weight, and exceptional heat dissipation properties. As a result, these brakes are highly effective under the extreme conditions encountered during high-speed landings and can withstand repeated cycles of intense braking without losing performance.

In addition to these common types of disc brakes, some aircraft may also use ventilated or slotted disc brakes. Ventilated discs in particular have internal channels that allow air to flow through them, aiding in cooling to mitigate the risk of brake fade with extended use. On the other hand, slotted discs feature grooves cut into the surface of the disc, which help to expel water, debris, and gasses that can build up during braking. This improves the overall efficiency and reliability of the braking system, particularly in adverse weather conditions or during heavy use.

The applications of disc brakes in aviation are vast, ranging from small private planes to large commercial airliners and military jets. In each case, the choice will generally be determined by the specific characteristics, capabilities, and needs of the aircraft in question. For example, lightweight aircraft such as trainers or small private planes often use simpler, single-piston disc brakes for stopping power, while larger commercial jets and military transports necessitate multi-piston or carbon-carbon disc brakes to handle the increased demands of their operations.

Whether you are a maintenance professional looking to secure disc brakes for a repair job or a manufacturer seeking dependable solutions for a project, look to Civil Aircraft Parts Hub and our wide range of competitive procurement options that meet diverse operational needs. Take the time to explore our selection of over 2 billion items as you see fit, and be sure to utilize our online quote request service to learn more about your procurement options. Our staff is also just a call or email away from providing assistance, so never hesitate to reach out to see all that we have to offer.